Watch molecules turn, structures take shape and particles move. Every model plays automatically. Pause to look closer or replay a sequence.观看分子旋转、结构排列和粒子运动。模型自动播放；可以暂停仔细观察，或重播一段过程。
Schematic models: colours, sizes, speeds and paths are illustrative. Reduced-motion preferences are respected.示意模型：颜色、大小、速度和路径仅用于直观展示。遵循系统“减少动态效果”设置。
A sodium atom has 11 protons and 11 electrons, arranged 2, 8, 1. This sodium-23 nucleus contains 12 neutrons. The moving electrons and drawn paths are illustrative, not literal orbits; particle sizes are not to scale.钠原子含11个质子和11个电子，电子排列为2、8、1。这里的钠-23原子核含12个中子；外围电子持续运动；轨迹为直观示意，并非真实轨道，粒子大小也未按比例绘制。
Sodium transfers its outer electron to chlorine. Na⁺ has arrangement 2, 8 and Cl⁻ has 2, 8, 8. Electron dots are grouped in pairs; chlorine initially has three outer pairs and one single electron. The transferred electron completes the fourth pair. This is a drawing convention; the transfer path is schematic.钠把最外层的一个电子转移给氯，形成Na⁺（2、8）和Cl⁻（2、8、8）。电子以成对点排列；氯最外层原有三对电子和一个单电子，转移来的电子补成第四对。配对是绘图约定，移动路径仅为示意。
Two hydrogen atoms each contribute one electron to a shared pair. Attraction between this pair and both nuclei forms a single covalent bond. Dots and crosses identify electron origins; the paths and sizes are schematic.两个氢原子各提供一个电子，组成一对共享电子。共享电子对与两个原子核之间的吸引形成一个共价单键。点和叉用于区分电子来源；路径和大小仅为示意。
Positive metal ions form a lattice surrounded by mobile delocalised electrons. Strong electrostatic attraction between the ions and electrons holds the metal together. These electrons are not attached to one atom or confined to pairs between two ions. This is a two-dimensional fragment of a three-dimensional structure.金属正离子形成晶格，周围是可自由移动的离域电子。正离子与离域电子之间的强静电吸引使金属结合。电子不属于某一个原子，也不固定为两个离子之间的电子对。这里展示三维结构的二维片段。
Two hydrogen atoms bond to one oxygen atom. The molecule has a bent shape.两个氢原子与一个氧原子成键，分子呈弯曲形。
Four hydrogen atoms surround carbon in a tetrahedral arrangement.四个氢原子围绕碳原子排列，形成四面体结构。
A linear molecule. Each carbon–oxygen connection represents a double bond.分子呈直线形；每个碳—氧连接代表一个双键。
A fragment of a repeating arrangement of positive and negative ions. Lines are guides to neighbouring positions, not covalent bonds.正负离子交替排列的重复结构片段。连线仅帮助观察相邻位置，不代表共价键。
Local unit → extend the network → rotate. Each carbon bonds to four others tetrahedrally. The connected three-dimensional fragment shows repeated tetrahedral bonding; edge atoms continue beyond the model.局部单元 → 网络展开 → 旋转观察。每个碳原子与另外四个碳原子形成四面体排列；连续三维片段展示重复的四面体成键；边缘原子的结构继续延伸到模型之外。
One hexagonal ring → an extended sheet → stacked layers → rotate. Connected hexagons form extended sheets. Interior carbon atoms bond to three neighbours within a layer; the gaps separate the layers.一个六元环 → 连续片层 → 多层堆叠 → 旋转观察。相连的六元环构成连续片层。层内内部碳原子与三个相邻碳原子成键；片层之间留有间隔。
Two coloured groups gradually intermingle over a 45-second sequence. After mixing, particles keep moving. The loop resets for another demonstration.两种颜色的粒子在45秒演示中逐渐交融。混合后粒子仍在运动；循环结束会重置，重新展示过程。
Particles vibrate about fixed positions. A fixed arrangement does not mean that particles are motionless.粒子在固定位置附近振动。排列固定不代表粒子完全静止。
A₂ and B₂ approach, collide, rearrange bonds and separate as two AB molecules. This generic sequence illustrates a successful collision, not a real reaction mechanism. Successful collisions require sufficient energy and suitable orientation.A₂和B₂靠近、碰撞、重新成键，形成两个AB分子后分开。通用示意展示成功碰撞，并非真实反应机理；成功碰撞需要足够能量和合适取向。
A₂ + B₂ → 2AB. A simplified before-and-after sequence: old bonds break and new bonds form. This is not the reaction mechanism.A₂ + B₂ → 2AB。简化展示反应前后：旧键断裂，新键形成，并不表示真实反应机理。
In this zinc–copper cell, zinc is oxidised and copper ions are reduced. Electrons travel from zinc to copper through the external wire. Ions in the salt bridge maintain charge balance; electrons do not pass through the electrolyte.锌—铜电池中，锌被氧化，铜离子被还原。电子沿外电路从锌流向铜；盐桥中的离子移动维持电荷平衡。电子不穿过电解质。
A catalyst offers a pathway with lower activation energy. The reactant and product energy levels stay the same, so the reaction energy change is unchanged. This is an energy diagram, not a particle trajectory.催化剂提供活化能更低的反应途径。反应物、生成物的能量保持不变，反应能量变化也不变。这是能量图，并非粒子运动轨迹。